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NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database. (eds.): X-Ray Absorption: Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS and XANES. Kimura, M., Takeichi, Y., Murao, R., Obayashi, I., Hiraoka, Y., Liu, Y.: In situ observation of reduction kinetics and 2D mapping of chemical state for heterogeneous reduction in iron-ore sinters. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010) Nihonkinzokugakkaishi 80(4), 289–296 (2016)īunker, G.: Introduction to XAFS: A Practical Guide to X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy. Takahashi, A., Hashimoto, K.: Evaluation of frictional properties of tungsten disulfide bonded films at high temperature in vacuum environments. In: International Tribology Conference (ITC 2015) (2015) Takahashi, A., Hashimoto, K.: A study of friction mechanism of tungsten disulfide at elevated temperatures using IPXRD. In: The 29th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science (ISTS2013), 2013-c-32 (2013) Takahashi, A., Hashimoto, K.: Tribological characteristic evaluation of tungsten disulfide solid lubrication films. Gustavsson, F., Jacobson, S.: Diverse mechanisms of friction induced self-organisation into a low-friction material: an overview of WS 2 tribofilm formation. Gustavsson, F., Svahn, F., Bexell, U., Jacobson, S.: Nonoparticle based and sputtered WS 2 low-friction coating: differences and similarities with respect to friction mechanisms and tribofilm formation. Rapoport, L., Leshchinsky, V., Lvovsky, M., Lapsketr, I., Volovik, Yu., Feldman, Y., Popovitz-Biro, R., Tenne, R.: Superior tribological properties of powder materials with solid lubricant nanoparticles. Prasad, S., Zabinski, J.: Hollow nanoparticles of WS 2 as potential solid-state lubricants. Ratoi, M., Niste, V.B., Walker, J., Zekonyte, J.: Mechanism of action of WS 2 lubricant nanoadditives in high-pressure contacts. Watanabe, S., Noshiro, J., Miyake, S.: Friction properties of WS 2/MoS 2 multilayer films under vacuum environment. Roberts, E.W.: Ultra low friction films of MoS 2 for space applications. Peter, M.: Magie: A Review if the Properties and Potentials of the New Heavy Metal Derivative Solid Lubricant. Graphic Abstractįusaro R.L.: Lubricant of Space System. Lattice defects such as stacking faults and dislocations assisted in the sliding motions of the adjacent sulfur atoms on the (0002) plane by extremely low shear stress. The room temperature friction tests of the shot peened WS 2 specimen, annealed at 400 ☌, demonstrated that the friction coefficients of the specimen with a higher degree of planar alignment on the (0002) plane were larger than those of the specimens with planner imperfections. Atomic arrangements of the second nearest neighbor atoms were distorted from the original sites during the wear process. All WS 2 specimens showed a preferred orientation of the (0002) basal plane parallel to the disc surface. Nevertheless, WS 2 coatings demonstrated superior frictional properties at elevated temperatures and thus they are applicable at 400 ☌ in vacuum. The friction coefficients of the WS 2 shot peening coating were extremely low at room temperature and increased with the test temperature. Friction experiments were carried out to investigate the friction characteristics of WS 2 using a pin-on-disc-type rotary tribometer at high temperature in a vacuum. In this study, WS 2 coatings on a metal disc were applied via the shot peening method using WS 2 powder (diameter of 2.0 μm). Tungsten disulfide (WS 2) is one of the solid lubricants that can be used in a variety of applications at elevated temperatures in outer space. Solid lubricants are used to lubricate the mechanical equipment of various spacecraft and launch vehicles.